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| How to Cook Meat
When you cook meat there are four goals you want to achieve: improve the meat's flavor, change its color, make it more tender, destroy and harmful organisms. The golden rule of cooking meat is constant low-temperature heat which improves taste and appearance, and tenderizes. The ideal temperature for oven cooking in 325 degrees. Use the chart below to determine internal temperature or doneness.
Cooking Methods
Meat can be cooked in one of two ways: dry heat or moist heat. Each of these methods can be used in various ways, but the general rule is to use dry heat for tender cuts of meat and moist heat for less tender cuts.
Dry Heat Methods
Roasting - This method is suitable for any tender cut of beef, veal, pork or lamb. To roast, place the meat on a rack in a roasting pan without water. Roast at 325 F. The meat may be seasoned prior to roasting and a meat thermometer should be used.
Broiling/Grilling - This is cooking by direct, radiant heat and is used for smaller, tender cuts such as steaks or chops. Broiling and grilling require higher temperature so the cooking time is shorter. To broil, place meat on a broiling pan. Thinner cuts (3/4 - 1 inch thick) should be 2-3 inches from the heat. Thicker cuts should be 3 - 6 inches from the heat. Broil meat to desired doneness.
Pan-Broiling - Tender cuts of meat that are suitable for oven broiling or grilling can also be pan broiled. It's an excellent method for small, thin cuts of steaks or chops. No water or fat is added in pan-broiling. To pan-broil, place meat in a heavy skillet and cook over low to medium heat. Do not cover or add water. Turn meat to brown evenly and pour off any fat as it accumulates in the frying pan.
Pan-Frying - Small, tender cuts of meat, especially those that are lean, are good for pan-frying. It is similar to pan-broiling but some fat in the form of butter, margarine, oil or shortening is added. To pan-fry, heat a small amount of fat in a heavy frying pan. Place meat in the pan and cook over medium heat until it is golden brown on both sides. Since the pieces of meat are thin the meat is done when the outer surface is crisp brown.
Moist Heat Methods
Braising - Also known as pot-roasting, braising is generally used for less tender cuts, although some tender cuts like pork or veal chops can also be tasty when braised. This method involves cooking the meat in a small amount of liquid. To braise, brown the meat in its own fat or in a small amount of added fat. After the meat is browned, some liquid, such as water, broth, tomatoes or soup, may be added. Do not cover meat in liquid. Cook over low heat or in a 325 degree oven approximately 1 1/2 - 3 hours depending on the size of the meat.
Stewing - This method is recommended for less tender cuts of meat. It is similar to braising except the meat is covered in liquid and generally cut into small pieces. To stew, follow instructions for braising except cut the meat in small cubes. Cover meat in liquid.
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| Proper Internal Temperature
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| Meat |
Color |
Description |
Temp. |
| Beef |
Rare |
rose red in center, pinkish toward the outer portion, shading into a dark gray; brown crust; juice bright red |
140 F |
|
Medium |
light pink; brown edge and crust; juice light pink |
160 F |
|
Well-Done |
brownish-gray in center; dark crust |
176 F |
| Lamb |
Medium |
light pink; juice light pink |
160 F |
|
Well-Done |
center brownish gray; texture firm but not crumbly; juice
clear |
175 - 180 F |
| Veal |
Well-Done |
firm, not crumble; juice clear to light pink |
165 F |
Pork
(rib and loin) |
Well-Done |
center grayish-white |
170 F |
Pork
(shoulder chops,
fresh hams) |
Well-Done |
center grayish-white |
185 F |
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